NTA-NET- Cultural Studies

Importantat Notes.

1. Jindyworobak Movement.

• was an austrailian litearay movement.
• was a movement of 1930s and 1940s.
• mostly a movement of white poets.
• the poets sought to contribute to a uniquely Australian culture through the integration of Indigenous Australian subjects, language and mythology.
• The Australian poet, Reginald Charles (Rex) Ingamells (19 January 1913 – 30 December 1955) was the founder of the  Jindyworobak Movement.

2. ‘Fourth World Literature’

•  refers to - the works of native people living in a land that has been taken over by non-Natives.
• or the post colonial literature.
• Native people of America, Aboriginals of Australia ,
•  Dalits etc are considered as Fourth world people.
• is a space for understanding the shared cultural experiences of these people.
• these people were once majority people.
• but remained minority or marginalised after the colonisation/colonial genocide  

 Roland Barthes' The Readerly Text 

• Barthes argues that most texts are readerly texts.

 Such texts

•  are associated with classic texts that are presented in a familiar, linear, traditional manner.
•  adhere to the status quo/changing style and content. 
• have fixed and predetermined meaning. so that the reader is at site merely to receive information. 
•  use of standard representations and dominant signifying practices.
• attempt to hide any elements that would open up the text to multiple meanings. 
•  Readerly texts support the commercialized values of the literary establishment.
•  uphold the view of texts as disposable/readily avilable commodities.

3.  Writerly Text

• By contrast, writerly texts reveal those elements that the readerly attempts to conceal.
•  The reader, now in a position of control, takes an active role in the construction of meaning. 
• The stable meaning, or metanarratives, of readerly texts is replaced by a proliferation of meanings and a disregard of narrative structure. 
• There is a multiplicity of cultural and other ideological indicators (codes) for the reader to uncover.
•  What Barthes describes as “ourselves writing” is a self-conscious expression aware of the discrepancy between artifice and reality. 
• The writerly text destabilizes the reader’s expectations. 
• The reader approaches the text from an external position of subjectivity.
•  By turning the reader into the writer, writerly texts defy the commercialization and commodification of literature.

4. ‘New Accents’

•  was launched by Methuen in – 1977.

5.  ‘Zami : A New Spelling of My Name’1982 

•  written by  American poet Audre Lorde’s autobiography
•  it started a new genre – biomythography.
•   biomythography combines history, biography, and myth.
•  In the text, Lorde writes that "Zami" is "a Carriacou name for women.
• these work together as friends and lovers", noting that Carriacou is the Caribbean island from which her mother immigrated.^[2] The name proves fitting: Lorde begins Zami writing that she owes her power and strength to the women in her life, and much of the book is devoted to detailed portraits of other women.

6. Bapsi Sidhwa’s novel, ‘Cracking India’ is originally published as – ‘Ice Candy Man’

7. Deepa Mehta’s film, ‘Water’ is based on – Bapsi Sidhwa’s novel, ‘Water : A Novel’.

8. ‘Sita Speak’, a hard-hitting poem was written by – Bina Aggarwal.

9. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novel, ‘Half of a Yellow Sun’ deals with – the Biafran War.

10. Chinua Achebe’s novel ‘Things Fall Apart’ is a critique of – British colonialism.

11. Jacques Derrida’s ‘Of Grammatology’ was translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and introduced by – Judith Butler.

12. Ecofeminism is especially associated with – Canadian Literature.

13. Edward Said talks about two different types of Orientalism –Latent and Manifest.

14. Elaine Showalter’s ‘A Literature of Their Own’ contains a lengthy chapter on – Virginia Woolf.

15. The term ‘epistemology’ was introduced by – James Federick Ferrier (Scottish philosopher).

16. Girish Karnard’s play, ‘Hayavadana’ is based on – Thomas Maan’s novella, “Transposed Heads : A Legend of India’.

17. Gynocriticism focuses on women as writers. It was introduced by – Ealaine Showalter in her critical essay, ‘Towards a Famine Poetics’.

18. Hybrid terms like ‘sext’ and ‘chaosmos’ are used in – ‘The Laugh of the Medusa’ written by Helene Cixous.

19. Four kinds of meanings in ‘Practical Criticism’ are – Sense, Feeling, Tone and Intention.

20. J. M. Coetzee’s novel, ‘Foe’ is – postmodern retelling of Daniel Defoe’s novel, ‘Robinson Crusoe’.

21. Margaret Atwood described her novel, 'The Edible Woman' as - Protofeminist.

22. The theory of Archetype in literary criticism was first employed by - Maud Bodkin.

23. Naturalism is also called - Photographic realism.

24. Ngugi wa Thiongio's first novel, 'Weep Not, Child' has been hailed as - the 'first East African Novel in English'.

25. Royal Tyler's novel, 'The Algerian Captive' is deemed as - a first American novel to deal with the Black and the White encounter.

26. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar's 'The Madwoman in the Attic' draw their title from - Charlotte Bronte's novel, 'Jane Eyre'.

27. The earliest tract on feminism is - Mary Wollstonecraft's treatise, 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

28. Ralph Ellison's 'Invisible Man' is one of the finest examples of - coming-of-age novel.

29. The term 'womanism' was first used by - Alice Walker in her essay, 'In Search of Our Mothers' Garden : Womanist Prose'.

30. William Empson's 'Seven Types of Ambiguity' is an analysis of - poetic ambivalence.